{"id":6489,"date":"2022-01-17T22:57:01","date_gmt":"2022-01-17T21:57:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/deepadaptation.hu\/deep-adaptation\/felmerulo-kerdesek\/"},"modified":"2026-01-10T20:19:00","modified_gmt":"2026-01-10T19:19:00","slug":"emerging-questions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/deepadaptation.hu\/en\/deep-adaptation\/emerging-questions\/","title":{"rendered":"Emerging Questions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; use_background_color_gradient=&#8221;on&#8221; background_color_gradient_direction=&#8221;45deg&#8221; background_color_gradient_stops=&#8221;rgba(29,38,0,0.85) 0%|rgba(29,38,0,0) 100%&#8221; background_color_gradient_overlays_image=&#8221;on&#8221; background_color_gradient_start=&#8221;rgba(29,38,0,0.85)&#8221; background_color_gradient_end=&#8221;rgba(29,38,0,0)&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/deepadaptation.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/sea-water-nature-ocean-drop-liquid-559562-pxhere.com_.jpg&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;6vw|0px|6vw|0px|true|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; module_alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.69)&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;947274ce-9194-40d1-93a0-963b445da3bb&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>Emerging Questions<\/h1>\n<p class=\"header-quote\">\u2026understanding the connections and the dynamics of change<strong><span class=\"header-quote-green\"><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Feature&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;80px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;60px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;40px||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_enable_image=&#8221;off&#8221; background_size=&#8221;contain&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_right&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|auto|0px|auto||&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||0px|&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|0|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px||||false|false&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed|700||on|||||&#8221; header_2_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; header_2_letter_spacing=&#8221;1px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.5em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;|600|||||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#8db700&#8243; header_4_font_size=&#8221;30px&#8221; header_4_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; max_width_tablet=&#8221;90%&#8221; max_width_phone=&#8221;100%&#8221; max_width_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;right&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|45px|||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;|0px|0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;5%|0px|0px|0px|false|true&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; text_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_font_size_phone=&#8221;16px&#8221; text_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; text_line_height_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_line_height_phone=&#8221;1.9em&#8221; text_line_height_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; header_2_text_align_tablet=&#8221;left&#8221; header_2_text_align_phone=&#8221;left&#8221; header_2_text_align_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;20px&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;20px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; header_4_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_4_font_size_phone=&#8221;30px&#8221; header_4_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; inline_fonts=&#8221;Calligraffitti&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>What, exactly, do we need to adapt to according to Deep Adaptation?<\/h2>\n<p>To the ongoing \u2013 and likely accelerating \u2013 <strong>decline of industrial civilisation and consumer societies<\/strong>, driven by human overshoot, overconsumption, and the breakdown of climatic and environmental systems.<\/p>\n<h2>What does the term \u201csocietal collapse\u201d mean?<\/h2>\n<p>Our civilisation emerged during a relatively stable climatic period and has, over time, <strong>become extraordinarily complex<\/strong>. It remains unclear how well it will be able to adapt to rapidly changing climate conditions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rising sea levels<\/strong> threatening the homes of millions, <strong>emerging pandemics<\/strong>, <strong>extreme weather<\/strong> destroying crops, <strong>rivers drying up<\/strong> as glaciers disappear\u2014each of these developments carries far-reaching consequences for human societies.<\/p>\n<p>Combined with <strong>shrinking resources<\/strong>, a financial system balancing on the edge, increasingly <strong>authoritarian and conflict-driven states<\/strong>, growing <strong>antibiotic resistance<\/strong>, and humanity\u2019s long-standing pattern of <strong>overexploitation and domination<\/strong>, these forces together point towards the approaching end of industrial civilisation.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/deepadaptation.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/dead-trees-partially-buried-sand-dune-were-broken-by-wind-during-storm-scaled.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Broken trees by the wind&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; max_width=&#8221;510px&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;0px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;20px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;20px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed|700||on|||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; header_2_letter_spacing=&#8221;1px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.5em&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;|600|||||||&#8221; header_4_font_size=&#8221;30px&#8221; header_4_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;right&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|0px||0px|true|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;0px||0px||true|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|true|true&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; text_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_font_size_phone=&#8221;16px&#8221; text_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; text_line_height_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_line_height_phone=&#8221;1.9em&#8221; text_line_height_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; header_4_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_4_font_size_phone=&#8221;30px&#8221; header_4_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>By <strong>\u201csocietal collapse\u201d<\/strong>, we mean the gradual \u2013 or potentially abrupt \u2013 <strong>breakdown of<\/strong> what is often described as the <strong>Western way of life<\/strong>: secure access to water, food, energy, healthcare, housing, safety, legal equality, education, and freedom.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The use of the term <em><strong>social<\/strong><\/em>, rather than economic or political, is crucial. It highlights that what is at stake is the <strong>failure of an entire, interdependent system<\/strong> \u2013 one whose collapse brings down all its constituent parts, and ultimately, us with them.<\/p>\n<h2>What do we mean by \u201cdeep\u201d?<\/h2>\n<p>Unlike conventional disaster-response thinking, this approach looks beneath the surface. It engages with both the <strong>underlying causes and the possible responses<\/strong>, at the level of individuals as well as societies.<\/p>\n<h2>Is this only about climate change?<\/h2>\n<p>No. However, climate change places an extraordinary strain on both natural and human systems \u2013 one <strong>we can no longer stop, reverse, or meaningfully slow<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Runaway <strong>climate change is just one<\/strong> of several existential threats we face, but it is unquestionably the <strong>most severe in terms of its consequences<\/strong>. It represents an <strong>unsolvable condition<\/strong> that, on its own, is likely to <strong>bring about the end of industrial civilisation<\/strong>, regardless of what we do.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>Who will experience collapse, where, and how?<\/h2>\n<p>Some communities around the world are <strong>already living it<\/strong>. The most vulnerable will be affected first and most severely. Its impacts will not be felt everywhere at the same time, nor in the same way. Yet within a highly interconnected global economic and social system, <strong>domino effects tend to spread rapidly<\/strong>. In any case, warnings from organisations such as the United Nations deserve to be taken very seriously.<\/p>\n<h2>Does it make sense to prepare for collapse?<\/h2>\n<p>Yes, it does. Unlike mitigation, adaptation is primarily a matter of self-interest, and <strong>people are most easily moved to action through their own interests<\/strong>. Those who take the changes ahead seriously are also more likely to reduce their carbon footprint and slow the destruction of nature.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>This, in turn, <strong>buys us time to adapt<\/strong>. And the more time we have to prepare, the greater our chances of holding our societies together \u2013 and keeping our systems functional \u2013 for longer. Quite literally, <strong>this is a matter of survival<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2>When will social collapse occur?<\/h2>\n<p>For most people, it is still difficult to imagine <strong>life changing in such a drastic way<\/strong>. Yet growing social unrest and civil disobedience suggest that more and more people are beginning to realise that the familiar idea of \u201cnormal life\u201d is coming to an end. <strong>Our first task<\/strong> is to learn how to value and live our lives under these conditions \u2013 starting with <strong>letting go of comforting illusions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Neither technology, nor renewable energy, nor political revolution can prevent the collapse of our civilisation<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Understanding and accepting this is the very first step<\/strong>. The second is to stop clinging to forecasts about when, where, and how collapse might unfold in the short term. Like a wobbling Jenga tower, we can be certain it will fall, but we can <strong>never know the exact moment or direction<\/strong>. The human-made system we inhabit is too chaotic for such predictions to be truly useful. The <strong>time and energy spent guessing are better invested elsewhere<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2>Is it still worth trying to stop climate change?<\/h2>\n<p>Yes, but not with the widely held belief that we can fully stop it; not with the assumption that success is guaranteed; and not with the conviction that this goal overrides all other considerations.<\/p>\n<h2>What guidance does Deep Adaptation offer?<\/h2>\n<p>In 2018, Professor Jem Bendell highlighted that the dominant approach within the scientific community assumes <strong>our current economic, social, and political systems are resilient enough to adapt to immense challenges and continue largely unchanged<\/strong>. In contrast, he introduced <strong>Deep Adaptation<\/strong> to describe a perspective that accepts the <strong>collapse of natural and human systems as a real possibility \u2013 within our own lifetimes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>To support adaptation, he proposed the <strong>4R framework<\/strong>, using four guiding questions to clarify the tasks ahead:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Resilience:<\/strong> What should we preserve?<\/li>\n<li><strong>Relinquishment:<\/strong> What must we let go of?<\/li>\n<li><strong>Restoration:<\/strong> What needs to be brought back?<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reconciliation:<\/strong> Who or what do we need to make peace with?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Does global collapse mean human extinction?<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Collapse may be inevitable, catastrophe likely, and extinction possible<\/strong>. The scale of risk confronting humanity is profound, but this does not mean that everyone, or everything, will perish. It does mean that the <strong>world as we have known it will be transformed beyond recognition<\/strong>.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;22px||40px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;22px||40px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;22px||40px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,1_3,1_3&#8243; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|0px||0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|0px||0px|false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjY0NjkifX0=@&#8221; button_text=&#8221;Deep Adaptation&#8221; button_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; button_alignment_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; button_alignment_phone=&#8221;center&#8221; button_alignment_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; button_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; button_bg_color=&#8221;#399c75&#8243; button_icon=&#8221;&#x35;||divi||400&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;button_url&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjY0NzgifX0=@&#8221; button_text=&#8221;The 4R Framework&#8221; button_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; button_alignment_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; button_alignment_phone=&#8221;center&#8221; button_alignment_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; button_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; button_bg_color=&#8221;#399c75&#8243; button_icon=&#8221;&#x35;||divi||400&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;button_url&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjY0ODMifX0=@&#8221; button_text=&#8221;The Integral Matrix&#8221; button_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; button_alignment_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; button_alignment_phone=&#8221;center&#8221; button_alignment_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; button_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; button_bg_color=&#8221;#399c75&#8243; button_icon=&#8221;&#x35;||divi||400&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;button_url&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#002d18&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||5px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;947274ce-9194-40d1-93a0-963b445da3bb&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;5.6%|0%|5.6%|0%|true|true&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;|0%||0%|true|true&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|0%||0%|true|true&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"header-quote\">\u201cThe capacity to adapt cannot be acquired without learning in an increasingly complex and interconnected world.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"header-signature\"><em>Andr\u00e1s Sz\u00f6ll\u0151si-Nagy<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Emerging Questions \u2026understanding the connections and the dynamics of changeWhat, exactly, do we need to adapt to according to Deep Adaptation? To the ongoing \u2013 and likely accelerating \u2013 decline of industrial civilisation and consumer societies, driven by human overshoot, overconsumption, and the breakdown of climatic and environmental systems. What does the term \u201csocietal collapse\u201d [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":6469,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6489","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Emerging Questions - deepadaptation.hu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/deepadaptation.hu\/en\/deep-adaptation\/emerging-questions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Emerging Questions - deepadaptation.hu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Emerging Questions \u2026understanding the connections and the dynamics of changeWhat, exactly, do we need to adapt to according to Deep Adaptation? To the ongoing \u2013 and likely accelerating \u2013 decline of industrial civilisation and consumer societies, driven by human overshoot, overconsumption, and the breakdown of climatic and environmental systems. 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